While Almost The Entire Iraq War Was Mired In Controversy,

While almost the entire Iraq war was mired in controversy, no one moment was more inundated with it than the Second Battle of Fallujah, a two month knock down drag out fight between coalition forces and radical Jihadists, it was the war’s magnum opus with urban combat rivaling what Marines faced in 1968 on the streets of Hue city Vietnam during the Tet offensive (Head, 105). While many debate the war overall the focus of this essay is on the battle itself and how the US government created the circumstances in which the insurgency in Fallujah could flourish as well as the ideology and motives of the Jihadi fighters and US forces and why the battle was necessary for US forces to wage so they could begin the process of bringing western†¦show more content†¦But when the U.S. Army s 1st Battalion / 2nd Brigade 82nd Airborne entered the town on April 23, 2003 and took up positions inside a local school house, Ba ath Party headquarters, and the Ba ath party resort just outsi de town , the presence of US forces in the city eroded some the goodwill between the two. Tensions came to a head on April 28th 2003 when an estimated several hundred residents broke the US installed curfew and marched towards the army bases in protest of them taking up position inside the schoolhouse. Soldiers opened fire on the protesters killing as many as 17 and wounding more than 70 of them US soldiers stated that they were returning fire but an independent investigation by human rights organization found no evidence US forces had come under fire on April 28th (Head, 107). Two days later the 82nd was replaced by Fox Troop from 2nd squadron of the / U.S. 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment. The 3rd Cav was a much smaller unit and decided not to occupy the school where the shooting took place (Head, 107). On the same day three protestors were shot outside the formerShow MoreRelatedPre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagesand Inuit. Though not as technologically advanced as the Mesoamerican civilizations further south, there were extensive pre-Columbian sedentary societies in what is now the US. The Iroquois had a politically advanced and unique social structure that was at the very least inspirational if not directly influential to the later development of the democratic United States government, a departure from the strong monarchies from which the Europeans came.[citation needed] [edit] North Americas MoundbuilderRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesGovernment-regulated - reliability †¢ â€Å"Don’t let the facts get in the way of a good story† is an instruction often heard in the newsroom †¢ Concept of media ethics is conceived to be an oxymoron. Sadly, many aspects of the modern media are stripped of almost all ethical concerns. In a reality of competition, ratings and economic considerations, ethics becomes a secondary, sometimes irritating, issue †¢ E.g. But consider 2003, New York Times writer Jayson Blair caught for plagiarising and falsifyingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesSENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. NoRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPermissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed

Footing between Middle Eastern Rentier-States and Their Citizens Research Paper

Essays on Footing between Middle Eastern Rentier-States and Their Citizens Research Paper ï » ¿Compare and Contrast Research Question The article by Shambyati discusses the relationship between a rentier state and the citizens and how this mutual relationship is developed based on the noneconomic factors. Author has outlined that the rentier states in Middle East have largely relied on non-tax revenue to run State’s affairs and as such has largely remained immune from the pressures of economic groups. Author therefore attempted to discuss the question of how the rentier states can actually develop their relationship with the citizens and what are some of the factors which can actively contribute towards the strengthening of this relationship? The article by Ross contains the major research question which is based on the assumption of whether the oil actually results into the hurdles for democracy. The basic premise of this article therefore is focused on the question that with the increase in wealth a country should be democratic in nature however, Middle East as a region has not developed despite increase in the wealth. There are three important research questions being discussed by the author in this article include exploring the validity of the claim that oil actually undermines the democracy followed by whether geography of the oil rich regions affect the democracy and finally author attempted to explore the casual mechanism for this relationship between the two. Theoretical Argument The major theoretical argument in Shambayati’s article is based on the assumption that the rentier states in Middle East region often rely on non-tax revenue sources. As a result of this, the overall pressure of the economic pressure groups is less. By citing the example of Iran and Turkey, Author has outlined the examples of two different countries suggesting that the legitimacy of state is derived from the cultural as well as the moral considerations in rentier states. Author has further argued that the since rentier states are dependent upon external rents for their revenue therefore creating economic legitimacy is a secondary priority of such States. It is also because of this reason that the social classes cannot be a direct challenge to the State and its apparatus and State largely remain immune from such pressures. The overall theoretical argument in Ross’s article is based on the assumption that the oil may be strong deterrent for the flourishing of democracy in any country. In order to answer the above mentioned three questions, author has explored different theoretical arguments such as rentier state, repression effect under which the richness of the resources actually allow the state to generate the funding required for the internal security and lastly the growth achieved through the export led economic policies often result into lack of social and cultural change required for the development and flourishing of democracy in any country. The overall arguments therefore are based upon the lack of different factors which combine together to produce the impact which result into the lack of flourishing the democracy in such countries. Independent and Dependent Variable It may be difficult to establish the dependent and independent variables in Shambayati’s case because the author has outlined that the independent variable is the rentier state and the dependent variables are the overall interest groups and conflict between State and various social groups existing in the State. In Ross’s article the dependent variable in this article is regime whereas the independent variables are oil, minerals, Islam, OECD and Log Income. Methods of Analysis Shambayati has used a mix of qualitative as well as quantitative methods of analysis in this article. The overall approach is qualitative in nature wherein the author has adapted to case study approach of discussing the case of Iran and Turkey. Case study approach provides a comprehensive overview of the different factors leading to the autonomy of state on the external factors for the purpose of its revenue generating capability. Author has also presented some statistics in terms of defining certain economic values such as taxes, exports, workers’ remittances etc in order to discuss the relationship between State and the citizens. Ross however on the other hand also used a combination of qualitative as well as quantitative methods of analysis and the writer has used both the methods to perform data analysis. Author has initially produced a brief theoretical review of the existing literature and has discussed issues like rentier effect, repression and modernization effect to prove the case. Author has also used the regression analysis to explore and understand the relationship between democracy and availability of different minerals in an economy. As such author has developed a regression model by taking into account different variables which include log income, Islam, OECD and minerals. These five independent variables are therefore tested in order to further explore the relationship between different variables before ascertaining their overall impact Conclusion The overall conclusion of Shambayati’s article is based on the assumptions that since Turkey relied heavily on the internal sources of revenue therefore it was manipulated by the business class and State as such bowed to the demands of this class. Iran on the other hand however, due to its reliance on the external source of revenue and being a rentier state was able to alienate itself from this class and the elite has actually ruled the state without any significant challenge. Author however, argue that the rentier states are like double edged swords due to their reliance on external factors. The overall results of Ross’s study however, suggest that the antidemocratic nature of oil is substantial and the overall impact of oil and other minerals on the regime is non-linear in nature. Author has further argued that the presence of oil in the poor states affect democracy in different manner as compared to a wealthy country. What is also significant to understand that the presence of oil and non-democratization is not just limited to the Middle East but other countries with similar resource base have also failed to achieve the same level of democratic progress as the non- oil producing countries of the West has made.

THE CORE Free Essays

The same pole always ended up pointing north. All magnets have a north and a south pole, no matter what shape they might have been bent into, or even if you break it apart into pieces. The magnetic field is the strongest at these poles. We will write a custom essay sample on THE CORE or any similar topic only for you Order Now As magnets are brought near one another, they exert a force on each other. The force can be either attractive or repulsive and can be felt even when the magnets don’t touch (force at a distance). This leads us to the Law of Magnetism which says â€Å"Like poles repel and unlike poles attract†. This is like the force between electric charges, but not exactly the same. Electrical charges and magnetic poles are different Many people wrongly assume that magnets can stick to any metal. In fact only a few elements on the periodic table actually have any magnetic properties strong enough to be worth mentioning. These elements are known as a group as ferromagnetic elements. The name comes from the Latin name for iron, ferrule. The ferromagnetic elements are: 1. Iron 2. Cobalt 3. Nickel 4. Gadolinium As time passed, more and more people tried to explain magnetism. William Gilbert, wrote a book called De Magnet on the subject. He was able to spores some old superstitions about magnets, while at the same time presenting his own scientific ideas. He even proposed the idea of an â€Å"orb of virtue† surrounding every magnet, basically he was describing a magnetic field. The Effects of MME An electromagnetic pulse (MME), also sometimes called a transient electromagnetic disturbance, is a short burst of electromagnetic energy. At a higher level an MME can induce a spark, for example when fuelling a gasoline- engine vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them. A large MME can induce high rents and voltages in the victim, damaging electrical equipment or disrupting its function. A very large MME event such as a lightning strike is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. These damaging effects have led to the introduction of MME weapons. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in. The Animals that Navigate sing Magnetism Abominations is the phenomenon of magnetic fields produced by living organisms; it is a subset of blameworthiness’s. In contrast, organisms’ use of magnetism in navigation is misconception and the study of the magnetic fields’ effects on organisms is negotiability. Researchers believe some migratory birds can sense the magnetic field through their upper beak because there is a magnetite receptor there, which is made up of iron-based magnetic crystals. This senses the strength of the magnetic field, which is strongest at the poles, and it measures the angle of the field compared to the round. The beak is similar to a compass. According to the experiment done by Max Plank Institute in Germany, they found that when they re-magnetized the iron particles in the beaks of migratory birds like robins and red warblers, it suggested that the beaks do act as a type of compass or navigational device. It partially allowed the birds to decide in what direction to go in. Re- magnification is similar to when you rub a magnet with a piece of metal allowing for the metal to become magnetized, by doing this you can change the direction of magnetism by rubbing it in the other direction. The research shows that migratory birds may have sensory systems linked to their beaks that use iron to detect the Earth’s magnetic field. How are the Aurora Borealis and Australia formed? The aurora Borealis (northern lights) form when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth’s magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. These collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora. Collisions with oxygen produce red and green auroras, while nitrogen produces the pink and purple colors. This reaction encircles the polar regions of the earth and occurs at an altitude of 40-400 miles (65-650 km) in a zone called the ‘Aurorally Oval The aurora Borealis most commonly occur between 600-750 latitude, but during great geomagnetic storms the aurorally oval expands equatorial and can reach 300 latitude or further. In the northern hemisphere they are called the aurora Borealis (northern lights) and in the southern hemisphere aurora Australia (southern lights). How Magnetism is created by moving charges? When an electrical charge is moving or an electric current passes through a ire, a circular magnetic field is created. Magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion for example, from movement of electrons in an electric current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom’s nucleus. They also arise from â€Å"intrinsic† magnetic dipoles arising from quantum-mechanical spin. The same situations that create magnetic fields, charge moving in a current or in an atom, and intrinsic magnetic dipoles, are also the situations in which a magnetic field has an effect, creating a force. QUESTIONS/EXPLANATIONS What was the cause of death of 32 civilians within the 10 mile block radius in the film? The reason why 32 people died in that movie is because when the core of the Earth stopped moving, the NEFF or Electro Magnetic Field of the Earth deteriorated causing massive problems on people with pacemakers. Pacemaker is a device that helps control the heart of people that have abnormal heart beats. Why did the wrist watch stopped ticking? Because of the MME, a pulse of electromagnetic energy, this induces a very high current thousands of volts in parts of the watch, and since many electrical items, such as microchips, are very sensitive to high voltages, it causes them to break. Explain the Erratic Behavior of the Pigeons in the Film Because the Pigeons are affected by the change of the Earth’s Magnetic Why did the Borealis appear in Washington DC? When super charged particles enter the earth’s atmosphere from the solar wind they tend to be channeled toward the poles by magnetic forces causing them to spiral around the magnetic field lines of the earth. They are energetic enough to unionize air molecules, so a considerable number of atoms and molecules are elevated to excited states. When they make the transition back to their ground states they emit light characteristic of the atoms and molecules. Red and green light emitted from oxygen atoms is a constituent of the light seen at the poles. Atmospheric nitrogen also plays a role. How is the Earth’s Magnetic Field created according to the film? The magnetic field is generated by the rotation Of the dense, iron, liquid outer core and that this field extends about 126,000 meters (proxy. 78 miles) out into space. As the outer core fluid is driven by convection currents, a dynamo effect of circulating electric current is produced inside Earth. The Space Shuttle in the film was 12 miles off course. Explain what happened. The Space Shuttle, returning from space, suddenly turns up far off course and headed for impact in Los Angels due to a momentary glitch in its navigation, positioning systems (GAPS on overdrive), and a faulty ground transponder which resulted in the shuttle being off-course by 12 miles. Enumerate the effects of losing the earth’s Magnetic Field according to the film. People with pacemakers, all within a 10-block radius, will be dead. The Golden Gate Bridge collapses, sending hundreds of people plunging to their deaths. Flocks of pigeons lose their ability to navigate, flying into panicked crowds, slamming into windshields and causing drivers to lose control of their cars. And an electrical superstore. Give the scientific explanation how the terra shuttle was found under the ocean at the end of the film. Keyes and Child’s realize they can use the unobtainable shell to convert the heat and pressure from the waveforms to power the Virgil, and they are able to escape the core. They break through the crust underwater, leaving them on the ocean floor without power and communications. They believe themselves lost but use the remaining power o activate a weak sonar beacon. The beacon attracts a nearby whale pod, and Finch is able to trace their whale songs to locate the Virgil. How to cite THE CORE, Papers

Absurdity in Century Rap Music free essay sample

Century Rap Music! What has the world come to? How has the music industry, specifically the rap/ hip-hop industry, in the 21st century world been allowed to use themes that include, but are not limited to, murder, drugs, sex, rape, misogyny, suicide, and more? What are the effects of such content found in contemporary, 21 SST century, rap and how does this affect listeners and future generations to come? Rap In the 21 SST century Is no longer constructed the same way as It used to be. In the past, hip-hop had special meanings, like fighting for human rights, cheerful life experiences, testimonials of cough childhoods, and stories common people can relate too; that is what made rap popular and appealing. Listening to experiences and feelings expressed in hip-hop had listeners saying Thats so true, or Thats exactly how I feel. That same appeal is used In the 21st century however In a totally different contest. Rap played on the radio In the 21st century Is all about partying, doing drugs, and sex, while songs off the radio are even worse with themes that include violence, suicide, harder drugs, rape, and prison. One can argue that these themes are in fact real life experiences, forever, the chances that any of these situations would actually happen to an average person is ridiculous. Another can argue that the themes of the present are the same as they were in the past, but to a much more explicit extent and this rationalization allows such content to become acceptable In 21st century society.I This essay will Investigate the absurdity of messages and content of contemporary rap and how they affect morals of listeners and future generations of musicians and listeners. For example, most contemporary rappers talk about all the girls In clubs that are dressed so shamelessly and provocatively and having an endless amount of sex with them while drinking an endless amount of alcohol and smoking an endless amount of marijuana. These behaviors have semantically transferred into the norms and socially acceptable behavior among youths.Starting as early as high school, teens and young adults go out to parties, drink, do drugs, and become sexually active at an early age because that Is the message contemporary rap songs are portraying. The most absurd fact about the direction that music Is heading is that there is nothing anyone can do about it: under freedom of speech ND creation in America, these artists are protected and are able to create and say whatever they want. The concept of a seven year old child listening to songs like Rack City by Tag where he is thrown hunnish, hunnish as one would do in a strip club is absurd.However because it has a catchy be at and is played on the radio regularly, parents are not aware of the songs message and allow their children to messages by 21st century youths and adults that allow their children to be exposed to such topics. To answer these problems, I will analyze a few popular 21st century rap lyrics based off Billboard. Moms Top 100 Hip Hop Songs over the past 12 years and other scholarly articles on similar topics. This composition will study five major themes in rap music and explore each theme in depth: substance abuse, social context, gender roles, and the extremities. L. Substance Abuse! Substance abuse is one of the most common themes in rap music today. Rappers today endorse excessive alcohol consumption and drug use. Over the past forty years, alcohol and primarily marijuana usage has been incorporated in more rap music. Some artists even have their names made from having a reputation of Arizona usage, like Snoop Dog and Wiz Kalmia. According to Denies Herds article, Changes In Drug Use Prevalence In Rap Music Songs, 1979-1997, drug usage has increases significantly as a major topic in rap music.Over the time span of 20 years, drug prevalence in rap songs has gone up from 11% in 1979 to 69% in 1997. This article also shows a change in attitudes towards drugs in actual songs; in 1979, there was a 16% positive attitude toward drugs in songs and a 68% negative attitude towards them, in 1997, there was a 58% positive attitude toward drugs in songs and a 4% negative attitude towards them. There is enough research to show that this is a strong upward trending use of drugs in rap music. This change in attitudes towards drugs from a negative opinion to a positive one in music changes the public opinion.The positive opinion of drug use is making it more socially acceptable for recreational drug use; in the recent 2012 elections, Washington and Colorado have legalized recreational marijuana use. Is there a connection bet ween rap music and these states legalization? Has rap music influenced the public with their ideas that has dad these activities acceptable? No research shows that there is but the prevalence of drugs in rap music definitely makes it clear that there is a growing social acceptance of partaking in drugs. Examples of drugs are all over the place in rap music. According to Billboards RB/Hip-Hop Songs chart of most popular rap songs of the week, popular rapper 2 Chain has 3 songs in the top 20. His most popular song, No Lie (feat. Drake), highlights drug usage very frequently. The very first line of the song, l am smoking on that gas, and then every other line after has a drug reference. Chain references cocaine, heroine, and lean, better known as purple drink which is a mix of Codeine and soda.Another rapper with growing popularity and the number one rapper to look out for in 2012 according to About Entertainment, ASAP Rocky also has songs views and bestselling song on tunes, Purple Swag, opens with the line, This is for my n*gas getting high on the regular/ Purple drink, I still sip, purple weed blunt still lit, where in the first lines he mentions purple drink and marijuana usage. The opening line is a hook to pull listeners who regularly partake in illicit drugs.This fleets most of Saps music themes and listeners who dont do drugs may be influenced to try them because ASAP would be dedicating his music to them. ! The transformation of messages in rap music from political activism, an exposure of black culture, and the hardships of African American life to living a life full of materialism, drugs, and sex is absurd. The roots of hip-hop come from black suppression, hate, and the need to better African American culture and that fueled listeners to do something; it fueled movements. Hempstead, Gangs Raps Heroic Substrata: A Survey Of The Evidence) Rap groups like Www-Tang Clan, N. W. A. , and Public Enemy produced music about black empowerment and giving power to the people, and now today we have rappers like 2 Chain and ASAP Rocky who primarily focus on substance abuse, materialism, and women. Just like in the past, rap music is very influential on its young listeners and instead of empowering young people to stand up for their rights and use rap music as an outlet to channel their emotions, today rap music pushes the idea that doing drugs is an O.K. , fun thing to do. There is enough research and evidence to show that doing illicit drugs is terrible for your hysterical and mental health, hence their illegality, but contemporary rap music is making it acceptable to do these drugs which is absurd.! II. Social Context! Rap and hip-hop today is very influential on most people but more influential on young African Americans (Chem. , Miller, Grebe, Influence Of Music On Youth Behaviors). Rap music contains messages of how to have a good time, party, act in public, and even influences how people talk.Because rappers are public figures, their actions are constantly in the spotlight, whether it be in the news, tabloids, music Gaines like Rolling Stone, or in music videos, making them role models. A role model, as defined by Dictionary. Com, is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be emulated by others, especially by younger people, (Dictionary. Com). Applying the concept that any public becomes a role model to rap music and this definition tells us that young people look up to these musicians as models of what is hip or cool. Chem., Miller and Grebe anonymously surveyed 1,056 students (62% non-white, 57% female) in California ranging from ages 15-25 (mean age 18. 9) and asked them 5 questions: what music they listened to out of 1 5 genres, alcohol use and frequency, preferences for sensation seeking. The research showed that rap music was the most popular and was consistently and positively associated with use of alcohol, malt- liquor, potential alcohol-use disorder, marijuana, club drugs, and aggressive behaviors.! ! A very popular rap song that is considered an anthem by Billboard. Mom is The Motto (feat. Ill Wayne) by Drake. The song received the Greatest Gainer/Airplay award with an increase of 3. 5 million audience impressions from its release in November 2011 to January 2012(Billboard. Com). The message that became a phenomenon from this song is You Only Live Once, better known as YOLK, from the catchy and unforgettable chorus, Now she want a photo/ You already know though/ You only live once/ Thats the motto, n*gag, YOLK. This song does not explicitly give directions on how to party, however, its message greatly influenced American youth.YOLK, almost like a modern day carper diem, is used by teens as an excuse to either try something stupid or take a risk they normally would not take. It can be seen as a positive motivator, but in some cases it has been taken to far. Ervin Muckiness, a 21 year old spring rapper, died in a tragic car accident in September 2012 after tweeting, Drunk [as f*KC] going 120 drifting corners #F*cult YOLK, (Cockshies, The Huffing Post). This event shows a tragedy fueled by the YOLK hype, and shows the extent of influence that rap music has on its listeners. Another example of rap songs that influence social behavior is French Montanas song Pop That (feat. Rick Ross, Drake, Ill Wayne). If, as shown in Chem., Miller, and Grebes research, rap music influences how teenagers and young adults act at parties or in other social contexts, then this song is a perfect example of influencing its listeners to act a certain way. Pop That peak at number 2 of Billboards R/Hip- Hop Chart, and its main theme is telling women to dance by popping their butts, everyone at the party to get drunk, have sex, and smoke marijuana. If Chem. and co. s research is viable, then this song influences young adults to partake in these activities. !! The absurdity behind this is the effect of raps influences. If absurdity is something that is wildly unreasonable, then these effects fit perfectly as absurd. Why is it acceptable to use YOLK as an excuse to do something dangerous and stupid? Why do children look at these rap stars as role models? Why has it become acceptable for young adults to act shamelessly and do what rap songs tell them to do?It is absurd to thing that children as young as 15 who listen to rap music are more likely to partake in the use of alcohol, malt-liquor, potential alcohol-use absurdity comes from the fact that people can be so influenced by what they hear at parties, on the radio, or on their own that actually causes them to act a certain way in social situations, because rap music depicts how you should act. Rappers make the music they feel and enjoy, but what hey seem to forget is that becau se they are public figures; they are in fact role models that influence those who listen to the music. It is absurd to think that these adults would be making songs that tell children as young as 15 that drinking, doing drugs, having sex, and being promiscuous is fun and acceptable, after all, YOLK. And what is also absurd is how rap has come to this; as Hempstead said in his essay, Gangs Raps Heroic Substrata: A Survey Of The Evidence, rap used to be about black empowerment, fighting the powers that suppress those being suppressed, and arsenal hardships, and now rap is about Rick Ross telling girls to drop that p*sys, b*tech, (French Montana, Pop That (feat Rick Ross, Drake, Ill Wayne)).Rappers like Public Enemys frontal Chuck D rapped about themes like standing up for what you believe in, political activism, and fighting for freedom, What has happened to rappers like Chuck D and Public Enemy? Where are the musicians that believe in a cause that has a positive influence on their listeners? There are no rappers in todays most popular rap music that stand for something they strongly b elieve in with a positive sausage, instead rap is now heading in a direction that no longer carries the same positive influential meanings that it once has.! Ill.Gender Roles! Rap is notorious for its constant themes of female subordination. Rappers constantly talk about women as material and sexual objects; not even as human beings (Conrad, Dixon, Gang, Controversial Rap Themes, Gender Portrayals And Skin Tone Distortion: A Content Analysis Of Rap Music Videos). In rap videos, men are generally seen in a more positive light than the women in the videos; women are generally seen as subordinate to the men and are usually wearing provocative clothing. Women in rap lose their identity and become objects of sex to the rappers.The opinion of women is visible in both rap songs and videos.! In rap songs, rappers constantly talk about women as objects and put them down with demeaning terms. One of the most common words in rap music today is pitch, which is defined as a spiteful or unpleasant woman and is most commonly used a very insulting and demeaning term towards women (Schneider, Culture, Rap Music, Pitch, And The Development Of The Censorship Frame). Rappers use the term so liberally to euthanize the women they speak to, this makes the women become SAP Rocky F*kicking Problem (feat.Drake, 2 Chain Kindlier Lamar) main message is that these rappers, as 2 Chain puts it, Love bad bitched, thats [their] f*kicking problem/ And yeah [they] like to f*KC, [they] got a f*kicking problem. A Heatings Song is a song that is most popular across all formats of music outputs by new or developing acts. This hook that is repeated throughout the song demonstrates that these artists do not recognize women as anything other than objects for sex. These artists have so much sex that apparently it has actually become a problem, but they eke sex and they love not the women, but the bad bitched. The absurdity arises from the fact that women still listen and enjoy this music. Approximately 42% of raps audience are women according to Vociferate. Com; the fact that almost half of the listeners and implied supporters of this type of misogynistic music are women is ridiculous and absurd.! ! There is a larger effect of rap videos on female youth. Women in rap videos are seen wearing promiscuous clothing and in submission to male rap stars. Studies show that teenage girls, age 14-18, who watch the videos tend to be more remissions, more subordinate to black males, and dress and talk the same way as portrayed in the videos.Also, teenage girls who watch more videos tend to partake in binge drinking, marijuana use, sexual activities with multiple partners, and have a negative body image (Davies, Images Of Sexual Stereotypes In Rap Videos And The Health Of African American Female Adolescents). It is absurd that teenage girls are more likely to act like this due to rap videos. The influences that rap music and videos have on female youth are evident through this research, and it is absurd that rap sic influences these youth in such a way to push them to behave in such a way.! V. Extremes!The final section of this paper discussed the extremities of popular rap music. One rap group I would like to focus on is the notorious Los Angels based Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All, or OFFSHOOT. The groups most popular member and leader, Tyler, The Creator, has gained much attention for his controversial lyrics, videos, mannerism, actions basically much attention has been focused on the controversy that is Tyler, The Creator. Tellers claim to fame is his debut album, Goblin, where it debuted t the number one position on Billboards Top R/Hip-Hop Albums chart.Tyler in the same year won the MAT Video Music Award for Best New Artist and his most popular song, Yonkers, beating out fellow musicians: Big Sean, Wiz Kalmia, Foster the People, and Greenshank. There is no research done to prove this, but the reason why Tyler was so successful with his major label debut was due to the shock value that came with his style and themes, not because people actually agreed with what he misogyny, domestic violence, sexual activities, homophobia, blasphemy, and multiple personality disorder. In fact, throughout the whole album, Tyler says the word fagged 213 times (Towel).Even in the self dir ected music video for Yonkers, Tyler is shown eating a cockroach, having tattoos that look self made on his hand saying kill, having demonic, fully blacked out eyes, having a nosebleed, and finally proceeding to hang himself with a final shot of Tellers twitching, hanging feet. If you watch this video, you are literally watching someone kill them self, and the best part is that this video helped Tyler win Best New Artist, and it was nominated for Best Music Video at the 2011 Montevideo Awards. ! The lyrics Tyler has are beyond explicit.In Sandwiches, a song from Goblin, Tyler says, Come on kids, f*KC that class and hit that bony Lets buy guns and kill those kids with dads and moms/ With nice homes, 41 KS, and nice ass lawns. Tyler is directly calling out to kids living in broken homes to drop out of school, smoke marijuana, and kill other kids. And this is only three lines out of one song on an album full of claims similar to this. In fact, on the opening track and title song Goblin, Tyler, in his eerie demonic voice says, The devil doesnt wear Pravda, Im clearly in a f*kicking white tee. Tyler, The Creator is self proclaimed Satan. In its first week, Goblin sold over 50,000 units. Americans are actually buying music by Satan himself telling children to kill other more privileged children. He does not even stop there. The most notable lines on Tellers iconic Yonkers, include killing other musicians, (What you think of Halley Williams? ) F*KC her, Wolf Haley robbing me/ Ill crash that f*kicking airplane that that fagged n*gag B. O. B is in/ And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagi/ And wont stop until the cops come in. Starting from the beginning,Halley Williams is the lead singer of popular rock band Paramour, Wolf Haley is Tellers alter ego, the airplane he talks about crashing is a reference to the song Airplanes by B. O. B which featured Halley Williams, B. O. Bys breakthrough song was Nothing On You which featured Bruno Mars, and Tyler hates them all so much that he Just killed them all. !! The absurdities with Tyler, The Creator are obvious. America has brought to fame a teenager, he was 19 when he released Goblin, who raps about killing people, raping women, doing drugs, and so on and on.It is unbelievable to see people buying this sic and in a sense supporting what he does with his music; it is absurd. Everything Tyler says is figurative, and his fans still support this kind of imagination and thought. Even Just the fact that he says fagged 213 times in his album is absurd; that word is a word derived purely from hate of homosexual people, yet Tyler claims that he is not homophobic or even hates homosexuals at all. In an interview with NAME, Tyler said, Im means youre stupid. I dont know, we dont think about it, were Just kids. We dont think about that SSH*t. But I dont hate gay people.I dont want anyone to think Im monophonic. This statement and idea he has that using the word fagged is acceptable because he is not homophobic is completely absurd. It is even absurd and ironic that someone who says fagged 213 in one album would even go on to say he does not want people to think he is homophobic.! If anyone else was saying what Tyler says, they would probably be recommended for mental help, but instead Tyler is praised and respected for it. He was even given the award of Best New Artist. Saying that Tellers music with messages of murder and rape is the best new thing in 2011 is ridiculous and absurd.Even there artists like Indies duo Texan and Sara are offended by what Tyler stands for. Sara said in a post, While an artist who can barely get a sentence fragment out without using homophobic slurs is celebrated on the cover of every magazine, blob and newspaper, Im disheartened that any self-respecting human being could stand in support with a message so vile, (NAME). This phrase summarizes the absurdity with Tyler, The Creator and the success and fame he has achieved. Tellers recognition and praise for such extreme and grotesque rap music is beyond absurd.!However, does Tellers claim to fame and popularity foreshadow what is to come n rap? This type of extreme rap has been out there with rappers like Immortal Technique and Tech Nine, but now it is receiving mainstream recognition and praise. Rap has left the era of Public Enemy and messages of empowerment, and social and political Justice into the era today of 2 Chain and ASAP Rocky with messages of partying, substance abuse, and differences in gender rolls; is rap leaving its current era of partying into a new era of Tyler, The Creator, murder, and rape? Only time will tell, but what is very troublesome is the effects of this type of music.