While Almost The Entire Iraq War Was Mired In Controversy,

While almost the entire Iraq war was mired in controversy, no one moment was more inundated with it than the Second Battle of Fallujah, a two month knock down drag out fight between coalition forces and radical Jihadists, it was the war’s magnum opus with urban combat rivaling what Marines faced in 1968 on the streets of Hue city Vietnam during the Tet offensive (Head, 105). While many debate the war overall the focus of this essay is on the battle itself and how the US government created the circumstances in which the insurgency in Fallujah could flourish as well as the ideology and motives of the Jihadi fighters and US forces and why the battle was necessary for US forces to wage so they could begin the process of bringing western†¦show more content†¦But when the U.S. Army s 1st Battalion / 2nd Brigade 82nd Airborne entered the town on April 23, 2003 and took up positions inside a local school house, Ba ath Party headquarters, and the Ba ath party resort just outsi de town , the presence of US forces in the city eroded some the goodwill between the two. Tensions came to a head on April 28th 2003 when an estimated several hundred residents broke the US installed curfew and marched towards the army bases in protest of them taking up position inside the schoolhouse. Soldiers opened fire on the protesters killing as many as 17 and wounding more than 70 of them US soldiers stated that they were returning fire but an independent investigation by human rights organization found no evidence US forces had come under fire on April 28th (Head, 107). Two days later the 82nd was replaced by Fox Troop from 2nd squadron of the / U.S. 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment. The 3rd Cav was a much smaller unit and decided not to occupy the school where the shooting took place (Head, 107). On the same day three protestors were shot outside the formerShow MoreRelatedPre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagesand Inuit. Though not as technologically advanced as the Mesoamerican civilizations further south, there were extensive pre-Columbian sedentary societies in what is now the US. The Iroquois had a politically advanced and unique social structure that was at the very least inspirational if not directly influential to the later development of the democratic United States government, a departure from the strong monarchies from which the Europeans came.[citation needed] [edit] North Americas MoundbuilderRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesGovernment-regulated - reliability †¢ â€Å"Don’t let the facts get in the way of a good story† is an instruction often heard in the newsroom †¢ Concept of media ethics is conceived to be an oxymoron. Sadly, many aspects of the modern media are stripped of almost all ethical concerns. In a reality of competition, ratings and economic considerations, ethics becomes a secondary, sometimes irritating, issue †¢ E.g. But consider 2003, New York Times writer Jayson Blair caught for plagiarising and falsifyingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesSENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. NoRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPermissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed

Footing between Middle Eastern Rentier-States and Their Citizens Research Paper

Essays on Footing between Middle Eastern Rentier-States and Their Citizens Research Paper ï » ¿Compare and Contrast Research Question The article by Shambyati discusses the relationship between a rentier state and the citizens and how this mutual relationship is developed based on the noneconomic factors. Author has outlined that the rentier states in Middle East have largely relied on non-tax revenue to run State’s affairs and as such has largely remained immune from the pressures of economic groups. Author therefore attempted to discuss the question of how the rentier states can actually develop their relationship with the citizens and what are some of the factors which can actively contribute towards the strengthening of this relationship? The article by Ross contains the major research question which is based on the assumption of whether the oil actually results into the hurdles for democracy. The basic premise of this article therefore is focused on the question that with the increase in wealth a country should be democratic in nature however, Middle East as a region has not developed despite increase in the wealth. There are three important research questions being discussed by the author in this article include exploring the validity of the claim that oil actually undermines the democracy followed by whether geography of the oil rich regions affect the democracy and finally author attempted to explore the casual mechanism for this relationship between the two. Theoretical Argument The major theoretical argument in Shambayati’s article is based on the assumption that the rentier states in Middle East region often rely on non-tax revenue sources. As a result of this, the overall pressure of the economic pressure groups is less. By citing the example of Iran and Turkey, Author has outlined the examples of two different countries suggesting that the legitimacy of state is derived from the cultural as well as the moral considerations in rentier states. Author has further argued that the since rentier states are dependent upon external rents for their revenue therefore creating economic legitimacy is a secondary priority of such States. It is also because of this reason that the social classes cannot be a direct challenge to the State and its apparatus and State largely remain immune from such pressures. The overall theoretical argument in Ross’s article is based on the assumption that the oil may be strong deterrent for the flourishing of democracy in any country. In order to answer the above mentioned three questions, author has explored different theoretical arguments such as rentier state, repression effect under which the richness of the resources actually allow the state to generate the funding required for the internal security and lastly the growth achieved through the export led economic policies often result into lack of social and cultural change required for the development and flourishing of democracy in any country. The overall arguments therefore are based upon the lack of different factors which combine together to produce the impact which result into the lack of flourishing the democracy in such countries. Independent and Dependent Variable It may be difficult to establish the dependent and independent variables in Shambayati’s case because the author has outlined that the independent variable is the rentier state and the dependent variables are the overall interest groups and conflict between State and various social groups existing in the State. In Ross’s article the dependent variable in this article is regime whereas the independent variables are oil, minerals, Islam, OECD and Log Income. Methods of Analysis Shambayati has used a mix of qualitative as well as quantitative methods of analysis in this article. The overall approach is qualitative in nature wherein the author has adapted to case study approach of discussing the case of Iran and Turkey. Case study approach provides a comprehensive overview of the different factors leading to the autonomy of state on the external factors for the purpose of its revenue generating capability. Author has also presented some statistics in terms of defining certain economic values such as taxes, exports, workers’ remittances etc in order to discuss the relationship between State and the citizens. Ross however on the other hand also used a combination of qualitative as well as quantitative methods of analysis and the writer has used both the methods to perform data analysis. Author has initially produced a brief theoretical review of the existing literature and has discussed issues like rentier effect, repression and modernization effect to prove the case. Author has also used the regression analysis to explore and understand the relationship between democracy and availability of different minerals in an economy. As such author has developed a regression model by taking into account different variables which include log income, Islam, OECD and minerals. These five independent variables are therefore tested in order to further explore the relationship between different variables before ascertaining their overall impact Conclusion The overall conclusion of Shambayati’s article is based on the assumptions that since Turkey relied heavily on the internal sources of revenue therefore it was manipulated by the business class and State as such bowed to the demands of this class. Iran on the other hand however, due to its reliance on the external source of revenue and being a rentier state was able to alienate itself from this class and the elite has actually ruled the state without any significant challenge. Author however, argue that the rentier states are like double edged swords due to their reliance on external factors. The overall results of Ross’s study however, suggest that the antidemocratic nature of oil is substantial and the overall impact of oil and other minerals on the regime is non-linear in nature. Author has further argued that the presence of oil in the poor states affect democracy in different manner as compared to a wealthy country. What is also significant to understand that the presence of oil and non-democratization is not just limited to the Middle East but other countries with similar resource base have also failed to achieve the same level of democratic progress as the non- oil producing countries of the West has made.

THE CORE Free Essays

The same pole always ended up pointing north. All magnets have a north and a south pole, no matter what shape they might have been bent into, or even if you break it apart into pieces. The magnetic field is the strongest at these poles. We will write a custom essay sample on THE CORE or any similar topic only for you Order Now As magnets are brought near one another, they exert a force on each other. The force can be either attractive or repulsive and can be felt even when the magnets don’t touch (force at a distance). This leads us to the Law of Magnetism which says â€Å"Like poles repel and unlike poles attract†. This is like the force between electric charges, but not exactly the same. Electrical charges and magnetic poles are different Many people wrongly assume that magnets can stick to any metal. In fact only a few elements on the periodic table actually have any magnetic properties strong enough to be worth mentioning. These elements are known as a group as ferromagnetic elements. The name comes from the Latin name for iron, ferrule. The ferromagnetic elements are: 1. Iron 2. Cobalt 3. Nickel 4. Gadolinium As time passed, more and more people tried to explain magnetism. William Gilbert, wrote a book called De Magnet on the subject. He was able to spores some old superstitions about magnets, while at the same time presenting his own scientific ideas. He even proposed the idea of an â€Å"orb of virtue† surrounding every magnet, basically he was describing a magnetic field. The Effects of MME An electromagnetic pulse (MME), also sometimes called a transient electromagnetic disturbance, is a short burst of electromagnetic energy. At a higher level an MME can induce a spark, for example when fuelling a gasoline- engine vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them. A large MME can induce high rents and voltages in the victim, damaging electrical equipment or disrupting its function. A very large MME event such as a lightning strike is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. These damaging effects have led to the introduction of MME weapons. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in. The Animals that Navigate sing Magnetism Abominations is the phenomenon of magnetic fields produced by living organisms; it is a subset of blameworthiness’s. In contrast, organisms’ use of magnetism in navigation is misconception and the study of the magnetic fields’ effects on organisms is negotiability. Researchers believe some migratory birds can sense the magnetic field through their upper beak because there is a magnetite receptor there, which is made up of iron-based magnetic crystals. This senses the strength of the magnetic field, which is strongest at the poles, and it measures the angle of the field compared to the round. The beak is similar to a compass. According to the experiment done by Max Plank Institute in Germany, they found that when they re-magnetized the iron particles in the beaks of migratory birds like robins and red warblers, it suggested that the beaks do act as a type of compass or navigational device. It partially allowed the birds to decide in what direction to go in. Re- magnification is similar to when you rub a magnet with a piece of metal allowing for the metal to become magnetized, by doing this you can change the direction of magnetism by rubbing it in the other direction. The research shows that migratory birds may have sensory systems linked to their beaks that use iron to detect the Earth’s magnetic field. How are the Aurora Borealis and Australia formed? The aurora Borealis (northern lights) form when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth’s magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. These collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora. Collisions with oxygen produce red and green auroras, while nitrogen produces the pink and purple colors. This reaction encircles the polar regions of the earth and occurs at an altitude of 40-400 miles (65-650 km) in a zone called the ‘Aurorally Oval The aurora Borealis most commonly occur between 600-750 latitude, but during great geomagnetic storms the aurorally oval expands equatorial and can reach 300 latitude or further. In the northern hemisphere they are called the aurora Borealis (northern lights) and in the southern hemisphere aurora Australia (southern lights). How Magnetism is created by moving charges? When an electrical charge is moving or an electric current passes through a ire, a circular magnetic field is created. Magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion for example, from movement of electrons in an electric current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom’s nucleus. They also arise from â€Å"intrinsic† magnetic dipoles arising from quantum-mechanical spin. The same situations that create magnetic fields, charge moving in a current or in an atom, and intrinsic magnetic dipoles, are also the situations in which a magnetic field has an effect, creating a force. QUESTIONS/EXPLANATIONS What was the cause of death of 32 civilians within the 10 mile block radius in the film? The reason why 32 people died in that movie is because when the core of the Earth stopped moving, the NEFF or Electro Magnetic Field of the Earth deteriorated causing massive problems on people with pacemakers. Pacemaker is a device that helps control the heart of people that have abnormal heart beats. Why did the wrist watch stopped ticking? Because of the MME, a pulse of electromagnetic energy, this induces a very high current thousands of volts in parts of the watch, and since many electrical items, such as microchips, are very sensitive to high voltages, it causes them to break. Explain the Erratic Behavior of the Pigeons in the Film Because the Pigeons are affected by the change of the Earth’s Magnetic Why did the Borealis appear in Washington DC? When super charged particles enter the earth’s atmosphere from the solar wind they tend to be channeled toward the poles by magnetic forces causing them to spiral around the magnetic field lines of the earth. They are energetic enough to unionize air molecules, so a considerable number of atoms and molecules are elevated to excited states. When they make the transition back to their ground states they emit light characteristic of the atoms and molecules. Red and green light emitted from oxygen atoms is a constituent of the light seen at the poles. Atmospheric nitrogen also plays a role. How is the Earth’s Magnetic Field created according to the film? The magnetic field is generated by the rotation Of the dense, iron, liquid outer core and that this field extends about 126,000 meters (proxy. 78 miles) out into space. As the outer core fluid is driven by convection currents, a dynamo effect of circulating electric current is produced inside Earth. The Space Shuttle in the film was 12 miles off course. Explain what happened. The Space Shuttle, returning from space, suddenly turns up far off course and headed for impact in Los Angels due to a momentary glitch in its navigation, positioning systems (GAPS on overdrive), and a faulty ground transponder which resulted in the shuttle being off-course by 12 miles. Enumerate the effects of losing the earth’s Magnetic Field according to the film. People with pacemakers, all within a 10-block radius, will be dead. The Golden Gate Bridge collapses, sending hundreds of people plunging to their deaths. Flocks of pigeons lose their ability to navigate, flying into panicked crowds, slamming into windshields and causing drivers to lose control of their cars. And an electrical superstore. Give the scientific explanation how the terra shuttle was found under the ocean at the end of the film. Keyes and Child’s realize they can use the unobtainable shell to convert the heat and pressure from the waveforms to power the Virgil, and they are able to escape the core. They break through the crust underwater, leaving them on the ocean floor without power and communications. They believe themselves lost but use the remaining power o activate a weak sonar beacon. The beacon attracts a nearby whale pod, and Finch is able to trace their whale songs to locate the Virgil. How to cite THE CORE, Papers

Absurdity in Century Rap Music free essay sample

Century Rap Music! What has the world come to? How has the music industry, specifically the rap/ hip-hop industry, in the 21st century world been allowed to use themes that include, but are not limited to, murder, drugs, sex, rape, misogyny, suicide, and more? What are the effects of such content found in contemporary, 21 SST century, rap and how does this affect listeners and future generations to come? Rap In the 21 SST century Is no longer constructed the same way as It used to be. In the past, hip-hop had special meanings, like fighting for human rights, cheerful life experiences, testimonials of cough childhoods, and stories common people can relate too; that is what made rap popular and appealing. Listening to experiences and feelings expressed in hip-hop had listeners saying Thats so true, or Thats exactly how I feel. That same appeal is used In the 21st century however In a totally different contest. Rap played on the radio In the 21st century Is all about partying, doing drugs, and sex, while songs off the radio are even worse with themes that include violence, suicide, harder drugs, rape, and prison. One can argue that these themes are in fact real life experiences, forever, the chances that any of these situations would actually happen to an average person is ridiculous. Another can argue that the themes of the present are the same as they were in the past, but to a much more explicit extent and this rationalization allows such content to become acceptable In 21st century society.I This essay will Investigate the absurdity of messages and content of contemporary rap and how they affect morals of listeners and future generations of musicians and listeners. For example, most contemporary rappers talk about all the girls In clubs that are dressed so shamelessly and provocatively and having an endless amount of sex with them while drinking an endless amount of alcohol and smoking an endless amount of marijuana. These behaviors have semantically transferred into the norms and socially acceptable behavior among youths.Starting as early as high school, teens and young adults go out to parties, drink, do drugs, and become sexually active at an early age because that Is the message contemporary rap songs are portraying. The most absurd fact about the direction that music Is heading is that there is nothing anyone can do about it: under freedom of speech ND creation in America, these artists are protected and are able to create and say whatever they want. The concept of a seven year old child listening to songs like Rack City by Tag where he is thrown hunnish, hunnish as one would do in a strip club is absurd.However because it has a catchy be at and is played on the radio regularly, parents are not aware of the songs message and allow their children to messages by 21st century youths and adults that allow their children to be exposed to such topics. To answer these problems, I will analyze a few popular 21st century rap lyrics based off Billboard. Moms Top 100 Hip Hop Songs over the past 12 years and other scholarly articles on similar topics. This composition will study five major themes in rap music and explore each theme in depth: substance abuse, social context, gender roles, and the extremities. L. Substance Abuse! Substance abuse is one of the most common themes in rap music today. Rappers today endorse excessive alcohol consumption and drug use. Over the past forty years, alcohol and primarily marijuana usage has been incorporated in more rap music. Some artists even have their names made from having a reputation of Arizona usage, like Snoop Dog and Wiz Kalmia. According to Denies Herds article, Changes In Drug Use Prevalence In Rap Music Songs, 1979-1997, drug usage has increases significantly as a major topic in rap music.Over the time span of 20 years, drug prevalence in rap songs has gone up from 11% in 1979 to 69% in 1997. This article also shows a change in attitudes towards drugs in actual songs; in 1979, there was a 16% positive attitude toward drugs in songs and a 68% negative attitude towards them, in 1997, there was a 58% positive attitude toward drugs in songs and a 4% negative attitude towards them. There is enough research to show that this is a strong upward trending use of drugs in rap music. This change in attitudes towards drugs from a negative opinion to a positive one in music changes the public opinion.The positive opinion of drug use is making it more socially acceptable for recreational drug use; in the recent 2012 elections, Washington and Colorado have legalized recreational marijuana use. Is there a connection bet ween rap music and these states legalization? Has rap music influenced the public with their ideas that has dad these activities acceptable? No research shows that there is but the prevalence of drugs in rap music definitely makes it clear that there is a growing social acceptance of partaking in drugs. Examples of drugs are all over the place in rap music. According to Billboards RB/Hip-Hop Songs chart of most popular rap songs of the week, popular rapper 2 Chain has 3 songs in the top 20. His most popular song, No Lie (feat. Drake), highlights drug usage very frequently. The very first line of the song, l am smoking on that gas, and then every other line after has a drug reference. Chain references cocaine, heroine, and lean, better known as purple drink which is a mix of Codeine and soda.Another rapper with growing popularity and the number one rapper to look out for in 2012 according to About Entertainment, ASAP Rocky also has songs views and bestselling song on tunes, Purple Swag, opens with the line, This is for my n*gas getting high on the regular/ Purple drink, I still sip, purple weed blunt still lit, where in the first lines he mentions purple drink and marijuana usage. The opening line is a hook to pull listeners who regularly partake in illicit drugs.This fleets most of Saps music themes and listeners who dont do drugs may be influenced to try them because ASAP would be dedicating his music to them. ! The transformation of messages in rap music from political activism, an exposure of black culture, and the hardships of African American life to living a life full of materialism, drugs, and sex is absurd. The roots of hip-hop come from black suppression, hate, and the need to better African American culture and that fueled listeners to do something; it fueled movements. Hempstead, Gangs Raps Heroic Substrata: A Survey Of The Evidence) Rap groups like Www-Tang Clan, N. W. A. , and Public Enemy produced music about black empowerment and giving power to the people, and now today we have rappers like 2 Chain and ASAP Rocky who primarily focus on substance abuse, materialism, and women. Just like in the past, rap music is very influential on its young listeners and instead of empowering young people to stand up for their rights and use rap music as an outlet to channel their emotions, today rap music pushes the idea that doing drugs is an O.K. , fun thing to do. There is enough research and evidence to show that doing illicit drugs is terrible for your hysterical and mental health, hence their illegality, but contemporary rap music is making it acceptable to do these drugs which is absurd.! II. Social Context! Rap and hip-hop today is very influential on most people but more influential on young African Americans (Chem. , Miller, Grebe, Influence Of Music On Youth Behaviors). Rap music contains messages of how to have a good time, party, act in public, and even influences how people talk.Because rappers are public figures, their actions are constantly in the spotlight, whether it be in the news, tabloids, music Gaines like Rolling Stone, or in music videos, making them role models. A role model, as defined by Dictionary. Com, is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be emulated by others, especially by younger people, (Dictionary. Com). Applying the concept that any public becomes a role model to rap music and this definition tells us that young people look up to these musicians as models of what is hip or cool. Chem., Miller and Grebe anonymously surveyed 1,056 students (62% non-white, 57% female) in California ranging from ages 15-25 (mean age 18. 9) and asked them 5 questions: what music they listened to out of 1 5 genres, alcohol use and frequency, preferences for sensation seeking. The research showed that rap music was the most popular and was consistently and positively associated with use of alcohol, malt- liquor, potential alcohol-use disorder, marijuana, club drugs, and aggressive behaviors.! ! A very popular rap song that is considered an anthem by Billboard. Mom is The Motto (feat. Ill Wayne) by Drake. The song received the Greatest Gainer/Airplay award with an increase of 3. 5 million audience impressions from its release in November 2011 to January 2012(Billboard. Com). The message that became a phenomenon from this song is You Only Live Once, better known as YOLK, from the catchy and unforgettable chorus, Now she want a photo/ You already know though/ You only live once/ Thats the motto, n*gag, YOLK. This song does not explicitly give directions on how to party, however, its message greatly influenced American youth.YOLK, almost like a modern day carper diem, is used by teens as an excuse to either try something stupid or take a risk they normally would not take. It can be seen as a positive motivator, but in some cases it has been taken to far. Ervin Muckiness, a 21 year old spring rapper, died in a tragic car accident in September 2012 after tweeting, Drunk [as f*KC] going 120 drifting corners #F*cult YOLK, (Cockshies, The Huffing Post). This event shows a tragedy fueled by the YOLK hype, and shows the extent of influence that rap music has on its listeners. Another example of rap songs that influence social behavior is French Montanas song Pop That (feat. Rick Ross, Drake, Ill Wayne). If, as shown in Chem., Miller, and Grebes research, rap music influences how teenagers and young adults act at parties or in other social contexts, then this song is a perfect example of influencing its listeners to act a certain way. Pop That peak at number 2 of Billboards R/Hip- Hop Chart, and its main theme is telling women to dance by popping their butts, everyone at the party to get drunk, have sex, and smoke marijuana. If Chem. and co. s research is viable, then this song influences young adults to partake in these activities. !! The absurdity behind this is the effect of raps influences. If absurdity is something that is wildly unreasonable, then these effects fit perfectly as absurd. Why is it acceptable to use YOLK as an excuse to do something dangerous and stupid? Why do children look at these rap stars as role models? Why has it become acceptable for young adults to act shamelessly and do what rap songs tell them to do?It is absurd to thing that children as young as 15 who listen to rap music are more likely to partake in the use of alcohol, malt-liquor, potential alcohol-use absurdity comes from the fact that people can be so influenced by what they hear at parties, on the radio, or on their own that actually causes them to act a certain way in social situations, because rap music depicts how you should act. Rappers make the music they feel and enjoy, but what hey seem to forget is that becau se they are public figures; they are in fact role models that influence those who listen to the music. It is absurd to think that these adults would be making songs that tell children as young as 15 that drinking, doing drugs, having sex, and being promiscuous is fun and acceptable, after all, YOLK. And what is also absurd is how rap has come to this; as Hempstead said in his essay, Gangs Raps Heroic Substrata: A Survey Of The Evidence, rap used to be about black empowerment, fighting the powers that suppress those being suppressed, and arsenal hardships, and now rap is about Rick Ross telling girls to drop that p*sys, b*tech, (French Montana, Pop That (feat Rick Ross, Drake, Ill Wayne)).Rappers like Public Enemys frontal Chuck D rapped about themes like standing up for what you believe in, political activism, and fighting for freedom, What has happened to rappers like Chuck D and Public Enemy? Where are the musicians that believe in a cause that has a positive influence on their listeners? There are no rappers in todays most popular rap music that stand for something they strongly b elieve in with a positive sausage, instead rap is now heading in a direction that no longer carries the same positive influential meanings that it once has.! Ill.Gender Roles! Rap is notorious for its constant themes of female subordination. Rappers constantly talk about women as material and sexual objects; not even as human beings (Conrad, Dixon, Gang, Controversial Rap Themes, Gender Portrayals And Skin Tone Distortion: A Content Analysis Of Rap Music Videos). In rap videos, men are generally seen in a more positive light than the women in the videos; women are generally seen as subordinate to the men and are usually wearing provocative clothing. Women in rap lose their identity and become objects of sex to the rappers.The opinion of women is visible in both rap songs and videos.! In rap songs, rappers constantly talk about women as objects and put them down with demeaning terms. One of the most common words in rap music today is pitch, which is defined as a spiteful or unpleasant woman and is most commonly used a very insulting and demeaning term towards women (Schneider, Culture, Rap Music, Pitch, And The Development Of The Censorship Frame). Rappers use the term so liberally to euthanize the women they speak to, this makes the women become SAP Rocky F*kicking Problem (feat.Drake, 2 Chain Kindlier Lamar) main message is that these rappers, as 2 Chain puts it, Love bad bitched, thats [their] f*kicking problem/ And yeah [they] like to f*KC, [they] got a f*kicking problem. A Heatings Song is a song that is most popular across all formats of music outputs by new or developing acts. This hook that is repeated throughout the song demonstrates that these artists do not recognize women as anything other than objects for sex. These artists have so much sex that apparently it has actually become a problem, but they eke sex and they love not the women, but the bad bitched. The absurdity arises from the fact that women still listen and enjoy this music. Approximately 42% of raps audience are women according to Vociferate. Com; the fact that almost half of the listeners and implied supporters of this type of misogynistic music are women is ridiculous and absurd.! ! There is a larger effect of rap videos on female youth. Women in rap videos are seen wearing promiscuous clothing and in submission to male rap stars. Studies show that teenage girls, age 14-18, who watch the videos tend to be more remissions, more subordinate to black males, and dress and talk the same way as portrayed in the videos.Also, teenage girls who watch more videos tend to partake in binge drinking, marijuana use, sexual activities with multiple partners, and have a negative body image (Davies, Images Of Sexual Stereotypes In Rap Videos And The Health Of African American Female Adolescents). It is absurd that teenage girls are more likely to act like this due to rap videos. The influences that rap music and videos have on female youth are evident through this research, and it is absurd that rap sic influences these youth in such a way to push them to behave in such a way.! V. Extremes!The final section of this paper discussed the extremities of popular rap music. One rap group I would like to focus on is the notorious Los Angels based Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All, or OFFSHOOT. The groups most popular member and leader, Tyler, The Creator, has gained much attention for his controversial lyrics, videos, mannerism, actions basically much attention has been focused on the controversy that is Tyler, The Creator. Tellers claim to fame is his debut album, Goblin, where it debuted t the number one position on Billboards Top R/Hip-Hop Albums chart.Tyler in the same year won the MAT Video Music Award for Best New Artist and his most popular song, Yonkers, beating out fellow musicians: Big Sean, Wiz Kalmia, Foster the People, and Greenshank. There is no research done to prove this, but the reason why Tyler was so successful with his major label debut was due to the shock value that came with his style and themes, not because people actually agreed with what he misogyny, domestic violence, sexual activities, homophobia, blasphemy, and multiple personality disorder. In fact, throughout the whole album, Tyler says the word fagged 213 times (Towel).Even in the self dir ected music video for Yonkers, Tyler is shown eating a cockroach, having tattoos that look self made on his hand saying kill, having demonic, fully blacked out eyes, having a nosebleed, and finally proceeding to hang himself with a final shot of Tellers twitching, hanging feet. If you watch this video, you are literally watching someone kill them self, and the best part is that this video helped Tyler win Best New Artist, and it was nominated for Best Music Video at the 2011 Montevideo Awards. ! The lyrics Tyler has are beyond explicit.In Sandwiches, a song from Goblin, Tyler says, Come on kids, f*KC that class and hit that bony Lets buy guns and kill those kids with dads and moms/ With nice homes, 41 KS, and nice ass lawns. Tyler is directly calling out to kids living in broken homes to drop out of school, smoke marijuana, and kill other kids. And this is only three lines out of one song on an album full of claims similar to this. In fact, on the opening track and title song Goblin, Tyler, in his eerie demonic voice says, The devil doesnt wear Pravda, Im clearly in a f*kicking white tee. Tyler, The Creator is self proclaimed Satan. In its first week, Goblin sold over 50,000 units. Americans are actually buying music by Satan himself telling children to kill other more privileged children. He does not even stop there. The most notable lines on Tellers iconic Yonkers, include killing other musicians, (What you think of Halley Williams? ) F*KC her, Wolf Haley robbing me/ Ill crash that f*kicking airplane that that fagged n*gag B. O. B is in/ And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagi/ And wont stop until the cops come in. Starting from the beginning,Halley Williams is the lead singer of popular rock band Paramour, Wolf Haley is Tellers alter ego, the airplane he talks about crashing is a reference to the song Airplanes by B. O. B which featured Halley Williams, B. O. Bys breakthrough song was Nothing On You which featured Bruno Mars, and Tyler hates them all so much that he Just killed them all. !! The absurdities with Tyler, The Creator are obvious. America has brought to fame a teenager, he was 19 when he released Goblin, who raps about killing people, raping women, doing drugs, and so on and on.It is unbelievable to see people buying this sic and in a sense supporting what he does with his music; it is absurd. Everything Tyler says is figurative, and his fans still support this kind of imagination and thought. Even Just the fact that he says fagged 213 times in his album is absurd; that word is a word derived purely from hate of homosexual people, yet Tyler claims that he is not homophobic or even hates homosexuals at all. In an interview with NAME, Tyler said, Im means youre stupid. I dont know, we dont think about it, were Just kids. We dont think about that SSH*t. But I dont hate gay people.I dont want anyone to think Im monophonic. This statement and idea he has that using the word fagged is acceptable because he is not homophobic is completely absurd. It is even absurd and ironic that someone who says fagged 213 in one album would even go on to say he does not want people to think he is homophobic.! If anyone else was saying what Tyler says, they would probably be recommended for mental help, but instead Tyler is praised and respected for it. He was even given the award of Best New Artist. Saying that Tellers music with messages of murder and rape is the best new thing in 2011 is ridiculous and absurd.Even there artists like Indies duo Texan and Sara are offended by what Tyler stands for. Sara said in a post, While an artist who can barely get a sentence fragment out without using homophobic slurs is celebrated on the cover of every magazine, blob and newspaper, Im disheartened that any self-respecting human being could stand in support with a message so vile, (NAME). This phrase summarizes the absurdity with Tyler, The Creator and the success and fame he has achieved. Tellers recognition and praise for such extreme and grotesque rap music is beyond absurd.!However, does Tellers claim to fame and popularity foreshadow what is to come n rap? This type of extreme rap has been out there with rappers like Immortal Technique and Tech Nine, but now it is receiving mainstream recognition and praise. Rap has left the era of Public Enemy and messages of empowerment, and social and political Justice into the era today of 2 Chain and ASAP Rocky with messages of partying, substance abuse, and differences in gender rolls; is rap leaving its current era of partying into a new era of Tyler, The Creator, murder, and rape? Only time will tell, but what is very troublesome is the effects of this type of music.

Walking on Glass Review Essay Example

Walking on Glass Review Paper Essay on Walking on Glass Perhaps we ought to give the impression to stand, but I am afraid that did not have the guts then to write anything. The book for me is very contradictory, it leaves a very bright, some magic seems so simple and talent of napisano.Sostoit three stories, at first unrelated to each other, but each is itself an interesting and unique, for a mediocre author, each could be the basis of the book, if it is complicated, heavier parts, in turn roman.Zdes there is nothing superfluous, in each event developed by Mr. melted, and all the details of the author thought, all playing the intrigue, keeps in suspense, and, reading with interest a story, do not forget about the other and think, what is it? Waiting, that such a complex form of the author offers not casual that everything explained in the finals, all the stories intertwine, in spite of the different worlds inhabited by characters and of course, they agree, is not only intertwined, and lightly touching each other, leaving us even in a loss We will write a custom essay sample on Walking on Glass Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Walking on Glass Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Walking on Glass Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Beginning to reflect, you realize that most stories are connected at a deep, philosophical level Than the plot. The main conclusion to me that the reality of the existence in our see, whether in the world easily flows into a paranoid fantasy, madness, that seems understandable, is based on some strange and terrible reason ,, and the man who wants to know the truth, can not perceive its severity, it is easier to commit suicide However, since I am in the naive belief that the work of art and literature is required to carry a positive charge, and here I dig for themselves what is encouraging. ..Zamok, windswept snow and recorded, which play in the puzzle, hoping for rescue, the two old people, and understand in the end that they can only rely on themselves to cooling down the earth Red Crow, lies in wait for every gesture and squeeze the last nadezhdu- a powerful, scary and stunning image! Surreal, creepy dalievskaya desert with stools, receding into the distance, on each of which there is a man who lives his life not Portrait of a beautiful girl fly in the dirt channel, because a dream is destroyed and faith The unfortunate lunatic -odinochka, priobrotshy represented homeless for long friend and brutally deceived by them . In any deadlock saves only human warmth and participation. However, there is so little around I think, however, that the essence of what is meant by, slipped away from me I would like to know the opinion of professionals and amateurs of books about this extraordinary product.

Free Essays on Immanuel Kant

KANT (1724-1804) LIFE Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in the East Prussian town of KÃ ¶nigsberg and lived there practically all his life. He came from a deeply pious Lutheran family, and his own religious convictions formed a significant background to his philosophy. Like Berkeley, he felt it was essential to preserve the foundations of Christian belief. Kant became Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of KÃ ¶nigsberg in 1770 and taught there for most of his life. He was also greatly interested in science and published works on astronomy and geophysics. His three most significant works were published later in life. The Critique of Pure Reason came out in 1781, followed in 1788 by the Critique of Practical Reason and in 1790 by the Critique of Judgment. The Critique of Pure Reason is one of the most important works in the whole of philosophy. Unfortunately it is also one of the most unreadable - Kant himself described it as dry and obscure. Kant had generally been an outgoing and friendly man but towards the end of his life his mental faculties and his sight deteriorated badly. He died a shadow of his former self, aged 80. One of his most quoted sayings is carved on his gravestone in KÃ ¶nigsberg: "Two things fill my mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe, the more often and the more intensely the reflection dwells on them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me". IDEAS Kant believed that there are clear limits to what we can know. You could perhaps say that the mind's "glasses" set these limits. The philosophers before Kant had discussed the really "big" questions - for instance, whether man has an immortal soul, whether there is a God, whether nature consists of tiny indivisible particles, and whether the universe is finite or infinite. Kant believed there was no certain knowledge to be obtained on these questions. In such great philosophical questions, he thought that reason operat... Free Essays on Immanuel Kant Free Essays on Immanuel Kant KANT (1724-1804) LIFE Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in the East Prussian town of KÃ ¶nigsberg and lived there practically all his life. He came from a deeply pious Lutheran family, and his own religious convictions formed a significant background to his philosophy. Like Berkeley, he felt it was essential to preserve the foundations of Christian belief. Kant became Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of KÃ ¶nigsberg in 1770 and taught there for most of his life. He was also greatly interested in science and published works on astronomy and geophysics. His three most significant works were published later in life. The Critique of Pure Reason came out in 1781, followed in 1788 by the Critique of Practical Reason and in 1790 by the Critique of Judgment. The Critique of Pure Reason is one of the most important works in the whole of philosophy. Unfortunately it is also one of the most unreadable - Kant himself described it as dry and obscure. Kant had generally been an outgoing and friendly man but towards the end of his life his mental faculties and his sight deteriorated badly. He died a shadow of his former self, aged 80. One of his most quoted sayings is carved on his gravestone in KÃ ¶nigsberg: "Two things fill my mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe, the more often and the more intensely the reflection dwells on them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me". IDEAS Kant believed that there are clear limits to what we can know. You could perhaps say that the mind's "glasses" set these limits. The philosophers before Kant had discussed the really "big" questions - for instance, whether man has an immortal soul, whether there is a God, whether nature consists of tiny indivisible particles, and whether the universe is finite or infinite. Kant believed there was no certain knowledge to be obtained on these questions. In such great philosophical questions, he thought that reason operat...

Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) Essay - 2

Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) - Essay Example This paper studies the ITIL framework and comes to the conclusion that this body of knowledge is extremely useful for all organizations in the above mentioned areas. Introduction: The role of information technology (IT) in today’s world is of extreme importance for the smooth running of businesses and other organizations. It can be said the there is practically no field that is not touched by IT, whether it is in manufacturing, services, defense, and even governance. The main reasons for this heavy dependence on this technology are the complexity of operations and also due to the adaptability of IT systems in fitting into every conceivable area of activity. In such a scenario, it was seen as a necessity to standardize IT management concepts and also to formulate a set of best practices that can serve as a comprehensive guideline to IT based organizations. In the UK, this concept was materialized by the formation of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) during the 1980s. Many governments and organizations around the world have now accepted the guidelines as industry standard over the years. The purpose of this study is to establish wh ether ITIL provides the best practice guidelines for IT service management. The three points that will be used to establish the above is given here. The first is that the ITIL does provide comprehensive guidelines and framework for efficient information technology management. The second point is that the program can be incorporated into an IT management system either in its entirety or in part. The third point is that the program can be customized to suit the requirements of each individual organization. Comprehensive guidelines and ITIL: In order to understand whether the Library does provide comprehensive guidelines it is necessary to have a detailed overview of

Freedom-politics and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Freedom-politics and film - Essay Example Democracy in America is for the few wealthy individuals at the expense of the majority citizens. There has been public outcry about discrimination in the mass media although to some extent, controversial issues surround the nature of segregation. Both the conservatives and the liberals are not pleased with the behavior of the mass media. Conservatives argue that the mass media show liberal discrimination. On the other hand, the liberals argue that the mass media show a Plutocratic segregation in their coverage. However, such allegations are simplistic and faulty analysis of American economic, social, and political realm (Parenti 36). The mass media like other firms in America is determined to progress the interests of the rich people at the expense of the values, ideals and interest of the majority citizens. According to Dionne (15), this shows how the American political system is divided. Media pseudo liberalism in America shows the gap that exists between the wealthy and the poor. This is because they believe they are in the business to make profits using all means despite criticism from the public. This liberalism progresses the firm profit agenda whereby managers of these firms feel no ethical qualm. For a long time, the media has been consistent in its dealing with economic and political conservatism. It is true that at some point, the media attacks firms but surprisingly, how they do it is not as hard as expected from the public (Schmitter 59-60). There is need for mass media reforms where media corporations are barred from financing elections, and instead the issue of election funding be bestowed upon the public. However, this reform is not easy because mass media gets a lot of money from political advertisements, which motivate them to continue with their behavior (Dionne 66). Former managers of voice of America manage the public television and radio stations whose role was to propagate

Specific patients Case Management (Instruction Below, and patients Essay

Specific patients Case Management (Instruction Below, and patients info faxed) - Essay Example The presented complexity of health problems experienced by the patient is very similar to the case presented by Dr. Sheehan (2008) of Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc. where the case talks about a patient having type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and all of the microvascular complications. There are essentially two primary defects in type 2 diabetes. One is insulin resistance. At the level of the liver, there is uncontrolled liver glucose output; in skeletal muscle, there is defective skeletal muscle glucose uptake, and nonoxidative glucose metabolism. There are defects in the adipocyte in terms of storing fat, excessive lipolysis, and high levels of free fatty acids in the circulation that can worsen insulin resistance. The adipose tissue can release inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, we have known for a great many years that there are defects in glucagon regulation at the level of the pancreas. The alpha cell, which makes glucagon, overproduces glucagon both in the fasting a nd the fed state. This is another major defect in type 2 diabetes (Sheehan, 2008). Long-term research has demonstrated the benefits of maintaining good control over blood glucose levels. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) found that the diabetes-related complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were reduced significantly in study subjects with type 2 diabetes who practiced intensive blood glucose control. In addition, for every percentage point reduction in A1C (a blood test that measures the three-month average of blood glucose levels), study participants achieved a 35% reduction in the risk of complications (American Diabetes Association, 2002). The best nursing theory applicable in this case is Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit theory. The theory essentially defines the need for nursing care. Since Mrs. X experiences some limitations or deficit which interferes with her ability to maintain self-care, she

The Differences Between American And British Politics Politics Essay

The Differences Between American And British Politics Politics Essay The special relationship the term used by Winston Churchill to describe the uniquely close connection between the United States and the United Kingdom. The relationship between the United States of America and the United Kingdom goes back almost two hundred years before the United States declared independence from Great Britain. In order to understand American and the British political system, firstly the US constitution, the type of political parties and the presidency system will be conceded. Secondly the British constitution, the type of political parties and the prime minister system will be also considered. Lastly the differences between the political scenes on the two sides of the Atlantic will be also looking at. As define by Adrian Leftwich politics are at the hearth of all collective social activities, formal and informal, public and private, all human groups, institutions and societies.  [2]  This means that politics takes place at every level of social interaction. US constitution is the oldest written constitution and holds a central place in United State law and political culture. The Constitution in 1787 forms the foundations of the United States federal government and created a structure.  [3]  This has remained an active governing force through the changes in US society and a very remarkably stable document the American constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man  [4]  . The Constitution creates the three branches of the national government: a legislature, the bicameral Congress; an executive branch led by the President; and a judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.  [5]  The Constitution specifies the powers and duties of each branch. The good thing about the US constitution is the underlying acceptance that it could be wrong. If you dont like the laws, its OK to rewrite them, provided you have enough support and the balance of power between the Judicial/Legislative/Executive. US political system is dominated by two political parties, which are the Democratic Party currently positions itself left-of-centre in American politics and supports an American liberalism platform and the Republican Party, which positions itself as a right-of-centre and supports an American conservatism platform.  [6]  The reason beyond these two parties is that the electoral system is first past the post or simple majority which, combined with the large voter size of the constituencies in the House and the Senate, ensures that effectively only two parties can play. The other reason is the influence of money. Money has tremendous influence on the political process and campaign, there more you have their more you can reach out that is why the US can only afford two parties or, to put it another way, candidates of any other party face a formidable financial barrier to entry. US presidency system is often referred to by the media as the White House. The US President is both the head of state and the head of government; He presides over the executive branch of the federal government, and is the commander-in-chief of the United States armed forces. Within the executive branch, the President has broad constitutional powers to manage national affairs and the workings of the federal government and may issue executive orders to affect internal policies. The total electoral vote is 538 so to become a president in the US you need 270 electoral votes  [7]  . The President is elected for a fixed term of four years and may serve a maximum of two terms. The President is not elected directly by the voters but by an Electoral College representing each state on the basis of a combination of the number of members in the Senate two for each state and the number of members in the House of Representatives. Unlike the US the UK has no core constitutional document or unwritten constitution there is no single document that can be classed as Britains constitution. The UK constitution however has traditionally been the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty, according to which the statutes passed by Parliament are the UKs supreme and final source of law, the Parliament can change the constitution simply by passing new Acts of Parliament.  [8]   UK political parties are an important feature of the British political system. Tree groups dominate party politics in Britain, the conservative, the labour parties and the Liberal Democrat. In addition to these three main parties, there are some much smaller UK parties, most of these parties are transitory but a few have endured sufficient time to merit examination. Some are significant such as the Nationalists in Scotland and Wales, their support has been considerable in particular areas of the United Kingdom.  [9]  Each party have their own institution, it chooses its leader but all involve all the Members of Parliament of the party.  [10]  The leader of the political party with the largest number of members in the House of Commons becomes the Prime Minster. UK does not have a President. Constitutionally the head of state is the monarch who is a hereditary member of the Royal Family. A historic feature of the UK constitution, the Royal Prerogative gives the Crown (the monarch) special powers, including the power to declare war, to make treaties, to pardon criminals, and to dissolve Parliament. Today the role of the monarch in such matters is largely ceremonial, but the Royal Prerogative gives considerable powers to government ministers acting on the Queens behalf.  [11]  So the most important person in the British political system is the Prime Minister. In theory, the Prime Minister simply chooses the ministers who run Government departments and chairs the Cabinet the collection of the most senior of those Ministers. In practice, however, the Prime Minister is a very powerful figure and increasingly has been behaving much like a president in other political systems, especially in the area of foreign policy. The most fundamental difference of UK and US political system is the constitution or the lack of one. The US has a written constitution which is very difficult to change and UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament. Like Thomas Paine once said Government without a constitution is power without right this means the British government can make the constitution as whatever the wants it to be. There are three major political parties in the British political system: The Labour Party the centre-Left party, The Conservative Party the centre-Right party and the Liberal Democrat the centrist. Where as the US political system is dominated by two political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The division between the Labour and Conservative in the UK is the same as Democratic Party and the Republican Party in the US. Each country, one political party is characterised as Centre-Left and the other as Centre-Right. The US President holds the position of Head of State as well as Head of Government. The UK Prime Minister, it would appear, has more influence in domestic, able to dominate his part, legislature and executive branch. The US President, on the other hand, appears to have the position of supremacy in domestic politics, He does not hold the same position of power in domestic affairs as the UK Prime Minister, but his position of strength appears to be in the realm of foreign and international matters. In conclusion by referring to the question whether British and American politics are different, we can see that the term special relationship as nothing to do with the way these two countries is lead. In each four areas we see how both countries have diverse ways of viewing politics. Reynolds, D. (1985-1986) International Affairs. Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944. 62(1), PP. 1-20 Heywood, A. P.(2002) Politics Second edition, London: Palgrave Vile, M.J.C. (1999) Politcs in the USA. London:Routledge W.E.Gladstone in McKay, D. (1997) American Politics and Society. Oxford : Blackwell. D. (1997) American Politics and Society. Oxford : Blackwell. Ceaser. W. J (1990) Political Parties. In: King, A the New American Political System. London: MacMillan Education LTD, PP. 87-135. BBC (2008) The US Electoral College. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/3736580.stm/ (Accessed:19november2010) BBC(2003) The UK constitution. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2561719.stm ( Accessed: 12 November 2010 ) Moran, C . (1985) Politics and Society in Britain. London: MacMillan Education LTD Moran, C . (1985) Politics and Society in Britain. London: MacMillan Education LTD BBC (2003) The UK constitution. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2561719.stm( Accessed: 12 November 2010 )

Essay --

Magic Johnson once stated, â€Å"You can’t get AIDS from a hug or a handshake or a meal with a friend.† AIDS and HIV is not something you can receive by touching someone’s outer skin. AIDS and HIV can only be transmitted when an infected persons; fluids meets with another person. AIDS and HIV is one of the most deadliest disease in the world that already has killed 1.6 million civilians. People need to understand the facts behind AIDS and HIV so people do not treat others who are infected like they are going to kill them. Everyone has possibility of contracting AIDS and HIV; it can change one’s world in a heart beat. 1 HIV/AIDS has become a pandemic virus because of how quickly it has spread throughout the entire world. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which means that it is a virus that attacks the immune system and it can only infect humans. HIV are like other viruses but there is an important difference, overtime your immune system can clear most viruses out of your body. HIV is different, the human immune system can’t get rid of it and scientist are still trying to figure out why our immune system can’t clear it. HIV hides in your body for long periods and it attacks a key part of our immune system, your CD4 cells or T cells. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that circulate around our bodies, scanning for cellular abnormalities and infections (www.tcells.com). Which your body must have to fight the virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, which means that AIDS is the cause of a different virus, which is HIV. Over 2.5 million people are infec ted with HIV worldwide. HIV/AIDS can be so deadly to humans because of the viruses capability if attacking our immune system. When HIV replicates itself ... ...ns; it affects us all in every aspect of our lives. Thanks to the efforts made for research , and treatments have been made to control the virus. Most importantly, the HIV/AIDS virus cannot replicate violently in the immune system because of these treatments. I think humans hold the real key to cure, if they would think about there actions before they do them, then we can save a lot more lives from the virus and stop the spread of it. Sharing needles with infected individual is a way of acquiring the disease. If we do this the percentage of people with HIV/AIDS will decrease significantly. If we do the little things to help solve this big health issue, it might help find the cure. So it is important that information about this virus is being shard and education is being taught to people all over the world who are not familiar with the virus to help the spread of it.

Essay about recent hate crimes and statistic Essay

Lifeless bodies with slashed throats were found in the mountains of Virginia nearly six years ago. This is quite a disturbing image; the unfortunate result of a hate crime. What exactly is a hate crime? The American Psychological Association defines hate crimes as â€Å"violent acts against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with† (1). The different groups usually involved include homosexuals, ethnic groups, and religion affiliations. Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston, said hate crimes are forms of messages the offender wants to send to members of certain groups letting them know they are unwelcome in that neighborhood, community, school or workplace (APA, 1). According to CNN.com, Darrell David Rice of Columbia, Maryland, was found guilty of committing the 1996 slayings of hikers Julianne Marie Williams and Laura â€Å"Lollie† Winans, who were the girls in the opening disturbing image. Rice is serving an 11-year sentence in federal prison in Petersburg, Virginia, for attempting to abduct and kill a female bicyclist in the same park in 1997. U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft called the killings of Williams and Winans â€Å"hate crimes† and said Rice could also receive the death penalty, in addition to the present sentence (Frieden, 1). Examples of hate crimes provided by Stephen Wessler’s â€Å"Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives† include (3):  ·the dragging death of African-American James Byrd, Jr., in Jasper, Texas  ·the deadly attack on Matthew Sheppard, a gay student in Laramie, Wyoming  ·the shooting rampage targeting minority citizens in Chicago  ·the shootings of children at a Jewish community center in Los Angeles  ·the murder of Joseph Santos Ileto, a Filipino-American mail carrier A report done by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that 7,947 hate crime incidents were reported. In 1995, a comparison of states showed that California was at the top of the charts with 1,751 incidents reported, and Florida stood with 164 incidents (2). The total number of hate crimes only decreased by less than a hundred between 1995 and 1999. While these numbers may seem relatively small, the Southern Poverty Law Center has posted more dramatic statistics: every hour someone commits a hate crime, every day eight blacks, three whites, three gays, three Jews and one Latino become hate crime victims, and every week a cross is burned (1). In order to prevent the hate crimes from occurring, different things are being done in order to prevent and deal with the hate crimes. In schools, the Anti-Defamation League websites suggests planning ahead by doing the following (1): 1.Work with your school administration to establish a plan for responding promptly to hate incidents and hate crimes. 2.Educate school staff on how to recognize hate-motivated incidents and hate crimes. 3.Establish procedures for reporting hate-motivated incidents/crimes. 4.Establish school policies which clearly indicate that hate-motivated behavior will not be tolerated. On a wider scale, since the 1980s research on hate crimes has increased, especially from those in the fields of criminology and law enforcement. There focus is primarily on reporting the frequency of the problem and preparing criminal justice responses to it. While many hate motivated crimes go unreported, the number of reported incidents is up. However, with special training, people are prepared to deal with the situations. According to Wessler, the first professionals to respond to the scene of a hate crime are police officers. How they act in the situation will affect  the outcome of the incident. Wessler stated, â€Å"law enforcement agencies have a pivotal role in responding to, investigating, prosecuting, and preventing hate crimes.† Training is given to the police officers in order to carry out their role. Wessler said the training includes how to â€Å"recognize and investigate potential hate crimes, have clear protocols on how to respond to hate violence, and develop innovative programs for preventing the hate crimes.† Along with the professional training of police personnel, laws against hate crimes have been enforced in some states. As of 1999, there are only eleven states that do not have hate crime laws: South Carolina, Hawaii, Wyoming, New York, Kentucky, Rhode Island, New Mexico, Kansas, Arkansas, Georgia and Indiana. The anti-hate laws may not be well known but there are some out there. For example, the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act â€Å"provides assistance to state and local law enforcement agencies and amend federal law to streamline the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes.† This bill will change the already existing law, adding crimes against sexual orientation, gender, and disability. This law also allows authority to respond to all crimes covered by the existing law, meaning crimes based on race, color, national origin, and religion (1). The number of hate crimes is slowly being decreased and the number of laws against hate crimes is slowly being increased, but the truth is, they are still out there. It may seem impossible to eliminate all the hate crimes that are occuring, but with more research, training, and handling each situation as they arise more seriously, America is slowly on it’s way to eliminating the problem of hate crimes. Works Cited American Psychological Association. 1998. Anti-Defamation League. 1999. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. 1995. Frieden, Terry. 10 Apr. 2002. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. NGLTF Communications Department. 25 Sep. 2002. Southern Poverty Law Center. Wessler, Stephen. Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives That Are Enhancing the Efforts of Criminal Justice Practitioners. Feb. 2000.

Free Essays on Surplus Value Theory

Surplus-Value Theory The increase over the original value of the money that is put into circulation is called by Marx surplus value. The fact of this "growth" of money in capitalist circulation is common knowledge. Indeed, it is this "growth" which transforms money into capital, as a special and historically determined social relation of production. Surplus value cannot arise out of commodity circulation, for the latter knows only the exchange of equivalents; neither can it arise out of price increases, for the mutual losses and gains of buyers and sellers would equalize one another, whereas what we have here in not an individual phenomenon but a mass, average and social phenomenon. To obtain surplus value, the owner of money must find in the market a commodity. Its consumption is labor, and labor creates value. The owner of money buys labor power at its value, which, like the value of every other commodity, is determined by the socially necessary labor time requisite for its production (example, the cost of maintaining the worker and his family). Having bought enough labor power, the owner of money is entitled to use it, that is, to set it to work for a whole day. (12 hours) Yet, in the course of six hours the worker creates product sufficient to cover the cost of his own maintenance; ("surplus" labor time), he creates "surplus" product, or surplus value, for which the capitalist does not pay. Therefore, from the standpoint of the process of production, two parts must be distinguished in capital: constant capital, which is expended on means of production (machinery, tools, raw materials, etc.), whose value, without any change, is transferred (immediately or part by part) to the finished product; secondly, variable capital, which is expended on labor power. The value of this latter capital is not invariable, but grows in the labor process, creating surplus value. Therefore, to express the degree of capital's exploitation of lab... Free Essays on Surplus Value Theory Free Essays on Surplus Value Theory Surplus-Value Theory The increase over the original value of the money that is put into circulation is called by Marx surplus value. The fact of this "growth" of money in capitalist circulation is common knowledge. Indeed, it is this "growth" which transforms money into capital, as a special and historically determined social relation of production. Surplus value cannot arise out of commodity circulation, for the latter knows only the exchange of equivalents; neither can it arise out of price increases, for the mutual losses and gains of buyers and sellers would equalize one another, whereas what we have here in not an individual phenomenon but a mass, average and social phenomenon. To obtain surplus value, the owner of money must find in the market a commodity. Its consumption is labor, and labor creates value. The owner of money buys labor power at its value, which, like the value of every other commodity, is determined by the socially necessary labor time requisite for its production (example, the cost of maintaining the worker and his family). Having bought enough labor power, the owner of money is entitled to use it, that is, to set it to work for a whole day. (12 hours) Yet, in the course of six hours the worker creates product sufficient to cover the cost of his own maintenance; ("surplus" labor time), he creates "surplus" product, or surplus value, for which the capitalist does not pay. Therefore, from the standpoint of the process of production, two parts must be distinguished in capital: constant capital, which is expended on means of production (machinery, tools, raw materials, etc.), whose value, without any change, is transferred (immediately or part by part) to the finished product; secondly, variable capital, which is expended on labor power. The value of this latter capital is not invariable, but grows in the labor process, creating surplus value. Therefore, to express the degree of capital's exploitation of lab...

Response Essay All the Kings Men Essays

Response Essay All the Kings Men Essays Response Essay All the Kings Men Essay Response Essay All the Kings Men Essay Literary devices are the tools and techniques of language that authors use to convey meaning. The skilled use of literary devices brings richness and clarity to a text. Robert Penn Warren utilizes various literary devices throughout his novel, All the King’s Men. Jack and Willie are co-protagonists and are able to be understood through the use of literary devices. Robert Penn Warren effectively presents his own knowledge to the reader about the past and its evident impact on the present through his use of different narration forms, metaphor, and characterization in the opening section of the novel to highlight the flaws of both protagonists. Warren shifts from second person to first person plural to contrast Jack’s pessimistic attitude towards life with his positive, accepting outlook at the end of the novel. Later in the novel the reader is exposed to Jack’s distressing past, which gives an explanation to his initial impression as a negative person. Jack’s tone is established initially through his description of an improbable accident; a scenario in which the driver loses focus and drives off the edge of the highway slab, getting stuck on the side of the road, marking the end of his journey. He concludes this thought with a sense of defeat as he points out, â€Å"You won’t make it, of course† (Warren, 1).Jack’s depressing approach to this dilemma causes the reader to feel helpless and to expect the worst out of every scenario that will be presented throughout the novel. The tone established through Jack’s approach speaks about how the characters’ past affects thei r future; specifically, how Jack’s current life has been affected by the heartbreak and abandonment of his past. Jack uses the word â€Å"you† when describing theoretical scenarios or even personal events, as seen before, to put the blame on the reader. Warren’s choice to narrate the story through Jack is influential to the novel as a whole because the rea

Arugmentative essay on which is better the pc or the mac computer

Arugmentative on which is better the pc or the mac computer - Essay Example Both fruit would have supporters lauding the differences in inherent nutritive value, taste, and texture of each. When we compare an Apple Mac to a MS Windows PC, two traditional feasible choices for personal and business computing, though, the subjective should be thrown out of the window and the facts wisely considered. While it is true that Windows has been ‘virally’ (pun intended!) popular, the time has come for certain misconceptions about the Mac to be cleared up and how it will be a very good choice. The inevitable argument against the Mac is that it is more expensive than a Windows PC. While at times true, the fact is it often costs less than or about the same as its Windows counterpart. A Windows PC’s cost does not include multimedia software and hardware that you will need or want. By buying the extras, you pay more than the cost of a Mac which comes bundled with software like iLife. Consider long-term savings: Macs have been proved to be less expensive to run than Windows. The reputable CIO magazine quoted an Enterprise Desktop Alliance survey as finding the total cost of ownership (TCO) with a Mac to be much lower than a Windows PC. â€Å"Macs were cheaper in six of seven computer management categories: troubleshooting, help desk calls, system configuration, user training and supporting infrastructure.† (Kaneshige). Almost half the respondents reported licensing fees were about the same on both these platforms. In 2002, Apple, introduced the OS X, an operating system (OS) based on UNIX. Specialists consider it one of the most advanced, stable and secure OSs available commercially. It is a multimedia sensation thanks to its architecture and graphics. Users find the OS X smart, agile and a delight to use. In comparison Windows OSs have been compared to bulky, lumbering giants plagued by crashes requiring restarts that cost time and money. In Windows if you erroneously shift a folder or a file such as a program file

General Gordon of Khartoum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

General Gordon of Khartoum - Essay Example The Arab and African merchants handled the inland trade of commodities and slaves. After the abolition of the slave trade by the British in 1807, they started patrolling the coasts, seizing other countries’ slave ships. Within the last twenty years of the 19th century, rivalries and conflicts in Europe started affecting individuals in Africa directly. Over the last years of the 19th century (1880’s), the European powers shared African territories among themselves without the consent or will of the people living there. They had partial understanding of the land they had acquired (BBC 2013, p1). Political rivalry, commercial greed, and territorial ambition all instigated the European scramble for Africa. This climaxed in the Africa’s partition during the 1884-5 Berlin Conference. The whole process that is the partitioning of Africa became famously identified as the scramble for Africa. In the last half of the 19th century, the disjointed patchwork of trading coloni es, understandings, protectorates, and alliances yielded to sweeping transformations enforced by the Europeans. The French and the British were determined to make things right and institute a clear administrative hierarchy composed of the Europeans (at the top) and Africans (at the bottom) (BBC 2013, p1). On the other hand, a number of the oldest trading countries in Europe left Africa and the other set of players emerged. The Danes and the Dutch abandoned the continent while Belgium, Italy, and Germany moved into the continent. Elsewhere the mineral riches of Africa dazzled and fixated European adventures. However, casual commercial connections were replaced by methodical control and exploitation. At the beginning of the 19th century, the European hold of the African geography was restricted mainly to the coastal regions. However, before the end of the century, Europeans were spanning the continent with roads and railways. Now it was easy to take control of the continent both comme rcially and politically (BBC 2013, p1). The Scramble for Africa â€Å"had the effect of defusing and displacing tensions between the European powers in Europe, but eventually the tradeoffs and alliances could not disguise the fact that Imperial Germany was on a collision course with Britain and France† (BBC 2013, p1). For the first time, the African people found themselves pulled into conflicts, which had its sources in London and Berlin war rooms. The moral bravado of the European powers, purportedly representing reconciliation and order, civilization, and wisdom, soon broke into the destruction, death, and chaos of World War I (BBC 2013, p1). It is important to note that, in Africa, the Europeans were strangers but by aggression, settlement, and trade they became by different levels part of the inside (Connah 2004, p175). General Charles George Gordon’s Experience in Khartoum Sudan In the year 1882, Mohamed Ahmed (also referred to himself as Messiah or Mahdi) invited all the true believers to join in the holy war against Christians. Most people especially wild tribesman heeded to his call, and in the following, he conquered an army of close to eleven thousand Egyptians and English that had tried to subdue the revolt. England was forced to leave the province. However, thousands of Europeans who had sought asylum in Khartoum and other towns had to be rescued from their

Macro &Micro Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro &Micro Economics - Essay Example 16). Within the vast arena of macroeconomics, the development of the model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply generally known as AD-AS model is of immense importance as it has been developed and applied for determining and evaluating the factors that are very useful in realizing the effects of Real Gross Domestic Product which is i.e, GDP deflated by the general price level. As a consequence the model also acts as a useful indicator for the determination of the inflation level of the economy (Taylor & Weerapana, 2009, p.695). The AD-AS model also incorporates the notion of micro economic concepts like demand and supply framework including equilibrium analysis (Karl, E, 2007, p. 409) and thus setting up a platform in accordance with the demand of the paper. Focus of the paper The paper will focus on the underlying mechanism of the aggregate demand (especially) and aggregate supply along with the concepts of volume of money demand and supply and its application and importance in the economy of the United States of America (US) with its recent financial crisis within the backdrop of the article, â€Å"It’s the Aggregate Demand, Stupid† written by Bruce Bartlett who has held senior policy roles in the administration of Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations and served on the staffs of Representatives Jack Kemp and Ron Pau. Crux of AD-AS model Before entering into the AD-AS model a short purview of the notion of law of demand and law of supply requires to be mentioned. The law of demand has been developed by the economists out of several criticisms (various exceptions like Giffen goods, Veblen effect) and the law basically states that for a normal commodity, there is an inverse relationship between the price of a particular commodity and the quantity demanded keeping all other things constant. The demand function can be stated as,signifying the inverse relation between price and quantity. A short mathematical and graphical explanation will m ake it clearer (Maurice & Thomas, p.43). Let, , (where a, b>0) be a linear demand curve which is taken for our purpose. Differentiating the above function with respect to Q we get, Therefore the slope of the curve is negative. The graphical representation is as follows: Fig.1 The law of demand (Maurice & Thomas, p.43) In the above diagram, at the price level P2, the quantity demanded was at the level Q2 when the price fell down to the level of P1, the quantity demanded rose to the level Q1. Thus the inverse relationship between the price and quantity as given by the law of demand is represented. The demand comes from the consumer’s angle in an economy that purchase goods and services in an economy for the maximization of their utility (Bhide, 2010, p. 313). The theory of supply on the other hand represents the positive relationship between the quantity and the price keeping all other things constant (Hussain, 2010, p. 214). It comes from the producer’s angle. More the commodity the producer sells more the price will it charge. Let a linear supply curve be considered as, . Now differentiating the

Target audiences and presentational devices Essay Example for Free

Target audiences and presentational devices Essay Newspapers have changed overtime in many ways even though most people are subscribed to at least one newspaper likeThe Seattle Times, The New York Times, The Sun, and The Daily Telegraph and so on. Now, because of the internet and online news publications for nearly every newspaper, newspapers have become a thing of the past. This means that people no longer have to spend money on buying a newspaper and also means that they can be more personalised. But in the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute. A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns; reviews of movies, plays and restaurants classified ads including display ads, editorial cartoons and comic strips. Most traditional papers also featured an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor and columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Another way they have changed is that they have included more stories which appeal to their target audience, meaning that they will include more pictures and stories depending on what the audience want for example: the sun tends to have lots of people with the socio economic of E-C which can connote that for most male adults and young male teenagers, they are mostly interested in page 3 models and sport. Before the internet, everyone received the good old Sunday paper. There are still some benefits of having a newspaper. You receive all of the news at once, and something that you might not think of clicking on online, you may glance across on a newspaper and find yourself interested in it. Also, the pure fact that a newspaper is a hard copy, easier to read for a longer period of time, counts towards the positives of newspapers. By 2007 there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations. These days, most people find it a lot easier and quicker to turn on their computer and browse their favourite news website not to mention that online news sites are generally free, compared to newspaper subscriptions. All in all, the newspaper business is slowly fading out of our everyday life, being replaced by various online publications. All the funding and budget they get to make the newspapers is the newspaper is typically funded by paid subscriptions and advertising. There are many different types of newspaper job roles: Journalists reporters editor columnist copy editor meteorologist news presenter photographer political commenter Industrial Revolution Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walters Boston Transcript. Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience. In France, i mile de Girardin started La Presse in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, August Zang, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with Die Presse (which was named for and frankly copied Girardins publication). Impact of television and Internet By the late 1990s the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and then the Internet posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid circulation has declined, while advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of most newspapers income has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience. However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers continue to grow. On April 10, 1995, The American Reporter became the first daily newspaper, with its own paid reporters around the world and all-original content, to start on the Internet. The Editor-in-Chief and founder is Joe Shea. The site is owned by 400 journalists. Newspaper typically generates 70-80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. (This distinction, however, developed over time early publishers like Girardin (France) and Zang (Austria) did not always distinguish paid items from editorial content. ) Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now. Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile. In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs, the tone are usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story. In all, only 39 percent of the stories were related to dangerousness, smaller than the 50 to 75 percent of stories reported in earlier research but consistent with the approximately 30 percent of stories found by Wahl and colleagues. However, more stories fell into the dangerousness category than any other category. Hence, the public is still being influenced with messages about mental illness and dangerousness. Findings suggest the complexity of these results. A majority of stories are about violent crime against others or legal defences related to mental illness. However, stories in this group also included themes of suicidal or self-injurious behaviours and non-violent crimes. Stories related to dangerousness often ended up in the front sections of newspaper, making them more visible to readers. The target audience depends on the section of the paper. The funnies would be children. The sports would (most likely) be men. The economical section would be adults in general; usually newspapers and magazines targeted audience is the General Public. In the case of newspapers, it its own local people. In some magazines, their target audience is business owners and well to do rich folk. Some have specific audiences like music lovers, car lovers, or nature lovers. In most newspapers and magazines theres something in there to read for everyone.

The Real Causes Of Nationalism And Imperialism History Essay

The Real Causes Of Nationalism And Imperialism History Essay Generally, war is the result of a national entity wishing to improve the standard of living for its people. A major second cause is when a nation perceives a possible reduction in a current standard of living and fights to protect what it at ready has. War is a behavior pattern exhibited by many primate species including human most basically and other species in the other hand like ant species. The primary feature of this behavior is a certain state of organized violent conflict that is engaged in between two or more separate social entities such conflict is always an attempt at altering either the psychological hierarchy or the material hierarchy of domination or equality between two or more groups. In all causes; at least one participant (group) in the conflict perceives the need to dominate the other participant. The perceived need for domination often arises from a belief that an essential ideology or resource is somehow either so incompatible or so scarce as to threaten the fundamental experience of the one group experiencing the need to dominate the other group. Leaders will sometimes enter into a war under the protest that their actions are primarily defensive, however when objectively their actions may more closely resemble a form of unprovoked, unwarranted or disproportionate aggression. World War I was the result of leaders aggression towards other countries which was supported by the rising nationalism of the European Nations. Economic and imperial competism and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race which will further escalate the tension contributing to the outbreak of war What really causes war are:- Nationalism Imperialism Bismarck and Alliance Collapse of Bismarck an Alliance Arms Race Crisis in Africa Nationalism At the settlement of the Vienna congress in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in failure of keeping the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany too in 1871. Another result of the Franco Prussian war of 1870-71 was that France was left of tumid the nation seethed with suppressed revolutionary activity over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and Revanche was a major goal for the French Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans area in Germany comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent pauslavism of Serbia and Russia willingness to support and contribute to its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungarys pan-Germanism. Imperialism The factor which contributed to the increase in rivalry in Europe was imperialism, because of the competition between these countries; Great Britain, Germany and France because they needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the industrial revolution. These countries were competing for economic expansion in Africa, although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises fore-shadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa. In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia. BISMARCK AND ALLIANCES World War I was caused in part by the two opposing alliances developed by Bismarckian diplomacy that was after the Franco-Prussian war, and in order to diplomatically isolate France, Bismarck formed the three Emperors league in 1871 an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia. When the French occupied Tunisia, Bismarck took advantage of the Italian indignation and resentment toward France and created the Triple Alliance between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary in 1882. In exchange for Italys agreement to stay neutral, no distinctive quality or characteristic or type if war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Russian. Austria-Hungary and Germany would protect Italy from France. Russia and Austria-Hungary grew suspicious of themselves over conflict in the Balkans in 1887, but Bismarck repaired the damage to these suspicious to his alliances with a reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing both the two powers to stay neutral if the other was at War. COLLAPSE OF BISMARCKIAN ALLIANCES Bismarck was fired by Kaiser William II in 1890, the tradition dislike and dont like the idea of slaves kept Bismarcks successors from renewing the agreement with Russia. France took opportunity to get an ally-to place in a friendly association, as by treaty or to unite or connect and the Franco-Russian entente was formed in 1891. The Kruger Telegram William II sent to congratulate the leader of the Boers for defeating the British in 1890 and he gave the German soldiers instructions to behave like Huns in China during the Boxer Rebellion and particularly the large-scale navy he was Building all contributed to British distrust of Germany. As a result of that, Britain and France overlooked all major impenalistic conflict between them and formed an Entente coordinate in 1904. Russia formed an Entente with Britain in 1907 after they reached an agreement with Britains ally Japan and William II had further alienated Russia by supporting Austrian ambitions in the Balkans. The Triple Entente, an informal coalition between Great Britain, France and Russia now countered the Triple Alliance. International tension was greatly increased by the division of Europe into two armed camps. ARMS RACE The menace (something that threatens to cause evil, harm, injury or a threat) of the hostile division led to an arms race, another cause of World War I. Acknowledging that Germany was the leader in military organization and efficiency the great powers of Europe copied the universal conscription, large reserve and detailed planning of the Prussian system. Organizational and Technological developments led to the formation of general staffs with precise plans for mobilization and attack that often could not be reversed once they were begun. The German Von Schlieffen plan to attack France before Russia in the event of the war with Russia was once such complicated plan that attracted and drew more countries into war than necessary. Armies and Navies were greatly expanded. The standing armies of France and Germany doubled the size between 1870 and 1914. Naval expansion was also extremely competitive, particularly between Germany and Great Britain. By 1889, the British had established the p rinciple that in order to maintain naval superiority in the event of war, they would have to have a navy two and a half times as large as the second-largest navy. This motivated the British to launch the Dreadnought, invented by Admiral Sir John Fisher in 1906. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 had demonstrated how effective these battleships were. As Britain increased their output of battleships, Germany correspondingly stepped up their naval production including the Dreadnought. Although efforts for worldwide disarmament (the act of laying down arms especially the reduction or abolition of a nations military forces and armaments) were made at the Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907 international rivalry caused the arms race to continue to feed on itself. CRISIS IN AFRICA The friction (the rubbing of one object or surface against another conflict, as between persons having dissimilar ideas or interest) of an armed and divided Europe escalated into several crises in Morocco and the Balkans which nearly ended in war. In 1905, Germany announced its support of independence for Morocco, the African colony which Britain had given France in 1904. The British defended the French and war was avoided by the international conference in Algeciras in 1906 which allowed France to make Morocco a French protectorate. BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1908 There was conflict incited by the Austria-Hugarian annexation of the former Turkish province of Bosnia in 1908. The Greater Serbia threatened war on Austria-Hungary. Russia had pledged their support to Serbia, so they began to mobilize, which caused Germany, allied with Austria-Hungary, to threaten war on Russia. The beginning of World War I was postponed when Russia backed down but relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia were greatly strained.